As the UK slips into its
worst recession for 100 years,
we think it's time we took stock of the technologies that have advanced
our everyday lives and to sing the praises of the inventors who truly
put the great into Great Britain.
So fire up your
American-designed, Chinese-made MP3 player, crack open another can of
East European lager and join us on our journey through 15 of the very,
very best British inventions.
And for the cynics among you (whisper it) we're also owning up to some of the worst. Ready?
The 15 best British tech inventions ever
15. The televisionThe Idiot's Lantern is actually a British invention, dreamed up by Scotsman
John Logie Baird
in February 1924. The first public demonstration of his semi-mechanical
televisor was held at Selfridges a year later, but it wasn't until 1928
that Baird showed off a proper working version. The same year, Baird
also began experimenting with colour TV and in 1932 made the first TV
broadcast between London and Glasgow.
14. The telephoneTaking
existing telegraph tech as his cue, Brit Alexander Graham Bell used his
experience working with mute children to come up with the
harmonic telegraph
- a system that could transmit different tones across wire using
multiple reeds. His 'germ of a great invention' was boosted with help
from engineer Thomas A. Watson, the pair finally patenting their ideas
in the US and the UK in 1875. Bell's telephone patent beat that of
American Elisha Gray, whose own device worked on similar principles.
13. The World Wide WebWhere
would we be without Tim Berners-Lee? The Oxford University graduate is
credited with coming up with the notion of the World Wide Web - "a
common information space in which we communicate by
sharing information".
It's largely thanks to Tim that we have protocols like http:// and, of
course, all that wonderfully useful content from Facebook to dodgy porn.
It should be obvious, of course, that Tim didn't invent the actual
internet, which has been
variously attributed to Vincent Cerf and, erm, Al Gore.
12. The train"In Italy no-one grows up wanting to be a train driver,"
says car maker Fiat.
Well that's only because the Italians didn't invent it. Arguably as
British as tea, cricket and binge drinking, the first steam trains
appeared in the early 19th Century, but it wasn't until George
Stephenson's Rocket arrived in 1829 that the
age of the train
truly arrived. Evolutionary rather than revolutionary, the Rocket took
various experimental pieces of train technology - the multi-tube boiler,
the blast pipe and angled cylinders - and stuck them in a design that
really worked. The Rocket won its place in British history by becoming
the only steam train to complete a 50-mile round trip as part of the
Rainhill trials. The Rocket was also responsible for killing Liverpool
MP William Huskisson, who was struck by it at the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830.
11. The cat's eyeThis
British invention was dreamed up by Halifax resident Percy Shaw in 1933
as a way to mark out lanes and pavements to traffic travelling at
night. The original
cat's eye
works by holding a pair of glass 'eyes' in a white rubber housing
that's laid into the fabric of road - the eyes reflecting light coming
from a car's headlamps back at the driver so he can see the road ahead.
The original cat's eye is famously robust, the housing dipping down into
the road when a car runs over it. A built-in rubber wiper then cleans
the glass eyes, help them to shine on into the night.
10. StereoSo
your iPod has two earpieces you say? Well here's why. British scientist
and engineering pioneer Alan Blumenlein invented stereo, because he
thought the monophonic music of his day lacked realism,
patenting the idea in 1933.
A lack of interest from his employer EMI forced to him to work on other
ideas, which included pioneering work on HDTV broadcasting (1953).
Blumenlein also played a major role of in the development of radar
during WWII - ironic given his part-German ancestry.
9. PhotographyThe
French would have you believe that they invented photography, thank to a
certain Louis Daguerre (1834). However British snappers actually
predate him with one, Thomas Wedgewood, creating pictures of insect
wings using
silver nitrate on leather in 1802. Daguerre was also in competition with
William Henry Fox Talbot - the man who invented the Calotype, a negative/positive development process that became the basis for modern photography.
8. The jet engineThere's
nothing like a good war to stoke the fires of invention and WWII was
brilliant at it. Alongside the bouncing bombs, ballistic missiles and
corner shot rifles, the jet engine stands tall. Developed independently
(for obvious reasons) by both the British and the Germans, it was
arguably Coventry-born Frank Whittle who pioneered the idea first -
patenting a
practical turbojet
in 1930. However it was German Hans von Ohain who got the first jet
engine working in 1935, with Whittle following two years later. While
both Britain and Germany succeeded in putting jets in test aircraft in
the early years of the WWII, it wasn't until 1944 that they first
entered production - the Germans with the Messerschmitt Me262 and the
British with the Gloster Meteor.
7. The electric motorYou
can find electric motors in everything from vacuum cleaners (another
British invention) to eco-friendly cars these days, but they owe it all
to Michael Faraday, who first came up with the idea in 1821. It was
Faraday who first proved the principle of electromagnetism by dipping a
magnet into a pool of mercury and then feeding it with electrical
current, something that led to
electromagnetic rotation motors.
Capitalising on his ideas, inventors from Hungary to the US then came
up with a variety of practical versions, including Nikola Tesla, who
first came up with the AC motor in 1888; and Brit William Sturgeon who
invented a DC power plant in 1832. None of these would have been
possible if it hadn't been for Faraday. Faraday also pioneered several
other inventions including the electric dynamo.
6. The computerWe
know what you're thinking: it has to be American, surely? In fact the
idea for the first programmable machine was dreamed up in 1812 by
London-born boffin
Charles Babbage,
who dedicated his life to actually building the thing. Thanks to a
unfortunate series of personal and financial problems, Babbage never got
around to completing his Difference Engine - a feat finally
accomplished in 1991, 120 years after his death. The British are also
credited with the
invention of Colossus,
the first electronic mechanical computer. It saw duty at Bletchley Park
near Milton Keynes where it helped to crack secret messages sent on
Lorenz coding machines used by Nazi high command during WWII.
5. The tankIt was British writer H.G. Wells who heralded the
invention of the tank, with his story
The Land Ironclads,
published in 1903: "It might have been from eighty to a hundred feet
long... its vertical side was ten feet high or so, smooth for that
height, and then with a complex patterning under the eaves of its
flattish turtle cover. This patterning was a close interlacing of
port-holes, rifle barrels, and telescope tubes... indistinguishable one
from the other." The
first real tanks
appeared on the Somme in 1916 - monsters invented by the Royal Navy at
Sir Winston Churchill's behest - and which took their inspiration from
the caterpillar tractors then being used by the US.
4. RadarCredited with helping to end The Blitz in 1941,
Radar
was developed by Scotsman Robert Watson-Watt, who proposed that enemy
aircraft could be detected by radio waves. The first successful radar
test took place near Daventry in 1935 and later that year Watson-Watt
was awarded a patent for his discovery. By 1940, 19 Radio Direction
Finder (RDF) stations were in place across the UK, with data fed back to
a central mapping room - another Watson-Watt idea. This enabled the RAF
to scramble fighters in response to incoming enemy planes at the Battle
of Britain.
3. The iPodFacing a
lawsuit over the origins of the iPod,
iTunes and QuickTime in 2006, Apple turned to British inventor Kane
Kramer for part of its defence. Kramer, it turns out, had actually come
up with the idea for a portable digital music player -
dubbed the IXI
- in 1979, and even managed to patent it. Unfortunately Kramer was
unable to find funding for his idea, and his patent lapsed in 1988.
Commenting on Apple's iPod and the end of the court case, Kramer told
the Daily Mail: "I can't even bring myself to buy an iPod... Apple did
give me one but it broke down after eight months."
2. The lightbulbThe
invention of the lightbulb is normally credited to US inventor Thomas
Alva Edison, who patented his discovery in 1879. The problem is he was
beaten by a year by British whizz Joseph Swann, who even came up with
the idea of a carbon filament bulb
some 10 years previously.
Swann successfully sued Edison over patent infringement in a British
Court; and then in 1883 Edison was stripped of his US patent, because
his work was based on that of the prior art of inventor William Sawyer.
1. The industrial revolutionEvery school kid knows that it was the British that kick-started the
Industrial Revolution
in the late 18th Century, without which few of the breakthroughs above
would have been possible. The Industrial Revolution effectively turned
manufacturing from a labour-intensive process carried out by skilled
artisans to a machine-centred process driven by the power of steam. The
British, of course, invented the steam engine too.
Page 2 of 2
Five worst British tech inventions ever
...and five of the all-time absolute worst
And now for 5 of the very, very worst
Every silver lining has its cloud. These are ours...
1. The Advanced Passenger Train (APT)We
might have invented the first one (The Rocket), but we've been making
up for it ever since, partly by coming up with the worst rail
infrastructure in world and then gifting the British people with the
Advanced Passenger Train.
The APT itself was pretty clever - thanks to a tilting mechanism and
some innovative water turbine brakes. Unfortunately early high profile
failures ensured that the project was stillborn at launch as the media
feasted on stories of brakes freezing in cold weather, and of complaints
of motion sickness. The APT - or Accident Prone Train, as it became
known - never entered full service.
2. Digital Audio BroadcastingDAB
was supposed to have wrested us away from our love of analogue radio by
boasting numerous advantages - not least of which was the promise of a
wider choice of stations and better sound quality. Unfortunately, since
it launched in the late 1990s, a
huge number of compromises and failures have become apparent:
sound quality has been progressively scaled back - even on 'quality'
radio stations - to the extent that much of it now sounds worse than
analogue; DAB radio still hasn't replaced analogue versions in cars and
we've back the wrong horse technologically - we're stuck with vanilla
DAB, while the rest of the world is adopting the much better DAB+
standard.
3. The unsinkable ship (Titanic)OK,
so it's a little unfair to include a specific product, but you try
telling that to the descendants of the 1,500 people that died on the
boat. Conceived and built in Northern Ireland,
the unsinkable ship
RMS Titanic proved, of course, to be anything but - its sinking in 1912
brought on by a catastrophic combination of complacency, arrogance, bad
design and a ruddy great iceberg. Not our finest hour.
4. The Sinclair C5OK,
so here's another one. Sir Clive Sinclair may have arguably brought the
world the first pocket calculator (the Executive) and the first
mass-market computer (the ZX81), but he was also responsible for 1985's
C5 - a disastrous attempt at producing a
mass-market electric car.
The C5's biggest problems were obvious from the get-go - it was simply
too small, too slow, too low and too unreliable to actively use on
Britain's roads - something not helped by a complete inability to
withstand the British climate. The whole project was heaped with
ridicule and, facing commercial disaster, production was abandoned in
October 1985.
5. The surveillance societyIn February, the House of Lords Constitution Committee argued that Britain was fast becoming a
surveillance society
- with its citizens under constant threat of having their privacy
compromised by the widespread use of CCTV cameras, national ID cards,
the national DNA database, as well as on several databases about
children. The Committee's conclusion is nothing new: civil liberties and
other groups have been banging on about it for years. However the
government's actions in the defence of our freedom has now scaled new
heights, from plans to use BT to spy on people's email and web traffic
to the sharing of information across governmental and non-governmental
websites. The
British Computer Society
said last week that proposals in several new piece of legislation
"would permit the restriction - and ultimately the destruction - of the
right to personal and corporate data privacy" in this country. That's
something none of us should be proud of.